ABSTRACT
This chapter synthesises the findings from previous chapters, revisiting the regulation of anti-gender hate speech within a democratic framework. It begins by analysing the fragmented regulatory approaches at international, regional, and national levels, highlighting gaps in implementation and the challenges posed by cultural and technological factors.
Building on previous scholarship on the continuum of violence we introduce the concept of the continuum of online anti-gender hate speech, illustrating how seemingly minor acts of hate speech are interconnected with more severe forms of violence. This perspective underscores the cumulative harm such speech inflicts on individuals, groups, and democratic processes.
The chapter further explores the principles of harm, common goods, and public wrongs, arguing that anti-gender hate speech justifies regulatory intervention. It evaluates the potential and limitations of criminal law while advocating for a broader framework that includes education, platform accountability, and civil society collaboration.
Finally, the chapter reconceptualises freedom of expression as a democratic tool, moving beyond its traditional individualistic framing. By emphasising diversity of voices, we underscore the urgency of countering anti-gender hate speech to safeguard inclusive and participatory democracies.
