ABSTRACT
This chapter examines how ancient and medieval authors understood ideal manliness in displays of emotion and maintenance of the correct state of mind. The first subchapter focuses on anger. Regarding anger the Roman and medieval writers seem to differ. For Roman writers like Seneca, Curtius and Arrian, anger is a destructive and emasculating force what especially kings and emperors should avoid anger and control it. In contrast, medieval sources suggest that Alexander's emotional reactions served the community and restored things to the way they were supposed to be. The second subchapter deals displaying grief. The writers seem to promote the view that in a time of loss, grief should be expressed in moderation. Bearing pain bravely was desirable while exhibiting tears in pain was regarded as unmasculine. The third subchapter concentrates on the proper state of mind and emotions like cupido (desire) and superbia (pride) that related to the self-view. According to some Classical authors the successful conquest brought about a negative change in the king's character and self-view. In medieval epics, “true” men recognise their natural limits and understand that they are mortal and should accept their dependency on God and Church.
