ABSTRACT
Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (eNGOs) carry out actions to protect, conserve, and restore the environment which routinely rely on the cultural interactions between people and nature. These include data collection by recreationists such as bird watchers, engagement of supporters via aesthetic images used in communications, and the use of sense of place and heritage values to recruit volunteers. Despite these examples, there is currently little information on the adoption of CES concepts by eNGOs, which CES are most frequently used, or for which eNGO activities CES are most valuable. It is also unclear to what extent eNGOs perceive cultural activities through a CES framework. This chapter addresses these knowledge gaps through an original study into the use of CES by eNGOs. Based on a survey of current eNGO approaches, we highlight the CES which are most frequently operationalised by eNGOs, and the mechanisms involved. Our work identifies current best-practice for utilising CES and barriers limiting further adoption.
