ABSTRACT
The dawn of the modern era, often taken to mean the latter half of the 19th century and continuing into the 20th century, was a watershed moment in human history. Defined by sweeping technological innovations, growing urbanisation, and an unyielding faith in progress, this era challenged conventional wisdom and birthed intellectual revolutions that shaped the contours of society, politics, and the human psyche (Kolakowski, 1978). From the bustling streets of industrialised London to the coffee houses of Vienna, a new breed of thinkers emerged, each dissecting, critiquing, and reimagining the very essence of human existence, society, and leadership.
