ABSTRACT
The modern liberal democracies that operate today as Australian States were not the vision of William Wentworth, JLFV ‘Alphabet’ Foster, and John Baker. However, the obstructive upper houses of parliament they designed lasted well into the 20th century and frustrated more radical governments. The last property qualification for a State upper house was removed in 1973 in South Australia or 1978 in NSW for direct elections introduced.
