ABSTRACT
This chapter analyses the Spanish model of response to OC, assessing its capabilities and strategies in a complex socio-economic and geographical context. Although Spain has made significant progress since the democratic transition, it faces persistent challenges due to the structures of the police system inherited from the Franco regime, the lack of inter-institutional coordination and the growing threats of OC. The text concludes with a series of strategic recommendations to strengthen the response to OC. These include improving inter-agency coordination, developing artificial intelligence-based early warning systems, investing in police training and promoting international cooperation. It also highlights the need to address the economic dimensions of OC through deeper financial investigations and the integration of academia and the private sector in criminal analysis.
