ABSTRACT
This chapter does two things. First, it summarizes in more depth than before the different causal powers and mechanisms associated with the different ontological levels of being, from quantum fields to molecules to life and to consciousness. These are all forms of emergence that represent entire levels of things interacting in new ways according to new causal powers and mechanisms. The second thing this chapter does is to distinguish this kind of level emergence from the one-off kind of emergence one frequently encounters in the writings of critical realists.
