ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the latest developments concerning the well-established principle of ne bis in idem. It considers the transformation of this principle from a rule protecting individuals against double punishment to the principle calling for protection against the imposition of disproportionate penalties. It determines the criteria that must be met for this principle to apply to national fining proceedings, as it is one of the few EU fundamental rights and general principles that apply only to administrative fines of a criminal nature. This chapter also covers the analysis of the latest requirements for coordinating fining proceedings conducted by different authorities from the same or different Member States. It also assesses the strictly necessary nature of cumulating proceedings or fines
