ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the Bahraini regime's use of sectarianization as a survival mechanism. The chapter analytically connects the role of the existing state structure, a product of the state formation process, with the procedures of securitization, depicting how the sectarianization of the 2011 uprising enabled the resistance of the absolute monarchy. It examines the causes of the 2011 uprising and its trajectory in an attempt to understand how the regime survived this turmoil. Failed institutions and growing mistrust between the regime and its local rivals, in addition to the role of regional powers, shaped the outcome of the uprising and its aftermath. The change in the regime's structure as an outcome of the state formation process established in Chapter 2 shows that in the pre-oil era, legitimacy was achieved through the people; the ruler provided protection, justice and various forms of support and in return, they received taxes and recognition from the people. However, after oil production, the old tax system was abandoned, rule was exercised over the territory, and the regime established absolute control with the assistance of recognition and support from colonial powers (Onley & Khalaf, 2006, p. 191). Previous income means transformed into state sponsorship and provided jobs and welfare with the control over oil resources and lands, yet the divisional societal structure proceeded, enhancing further regime control. The 2011 uprising was an ongoing struggle of socio-political movements that vented grievances against the established state system. The sectarianization of the uprising was possible due to the established state structure, institutions and regional powers meddling with the upheavals, influencing the outcome of the securitization practice and enforcing the absolutism of authoritative rule that had control over political ideology and economic resources. It was also able to legitimize its coercion over challenging reforms demands.
