ABSTRACT
Anime is generally recognised as Japanese animated film and television (Condry, 2013), though its classification is often debated (Denison, 2015). Originally, anime targeted specific gender demographics, but these distinctions are increasingly blurred (Denison, 2015, p. 88; Ting, 2019). Shōnen (少年), aimed primarily at young boys, now appeals to a diverse audience, including women and men. It features action-oriented plots focusing on friendship and heroism, often with male protagonists who undertake quests, while female characters typically play secondary roles or are sexualised (Borggreen, 2019; Drummond-Mathews, 2010, p. 62; Gravett, 2004; Flis, 2018). Conversely, the Shōjo (少女) genre, intended for young girls, often explores themes of romance, personal growth, and challenges to gender norms, creating a nuanced space for emotional and personal experiences and portraying complex female roles (Ting, 2019; Borggreen, 2019; Shamoon, 2012; Orbaugh, 2003). This genre also reflects the sensitivities of individuals who feel marginalised in a gendered society (Aoyama et al., 2010, p. 8).
