ABSTRACT
When serious adverse events following immunisation are detected, urgent causality assessment precedes any benefit–risk assessment, as outlined in Chapter 18. When this is inconclusive, or has not led to decisions to modify the programme, benefit–risk analyses are an important next step. This chapter starts with some examples illustrating why conducting benefit–risk assessments of vaccination programmes is important. We then describe benefit–risk frameworks, integrated benefit–risk measures and population health metrics.
