ABSTRACT
This chapter highlights that James Jerome Gibson's negative claim that information is not best understood on the model of communication, and his positive claim, placed right next to the former, that information "refers to the specification of the observer's environment. " It begins with explicating the requirement, mentioned only in passing earlier. These contexts are intertwined to the extent that a natural history of every organism and of every trait of an organism is identical with a history of the environmental conditions under which it emerged and by which it was shaped, whereas any environment is a result of history of particular interactions between populations of organisms and the physical and biotic conditions under which they acted and interacted. The chapter argues that these interactions include various modes of modification or "construction" of conditions in the environments by the organisms themselves.
