Utopias, Dystopias, and Their Hybrid Variants in Europe and America since World War I

The production of various forms of utopian fiction in twentieth-century Europe and America is enormous so only some of the major trends can be discussed here. Both positive and negative utopias appeared, but the latter attracted more attention: in response to the infelicitous, violent, and plainly criminal attempts to realize utopian projects, with well-known counterproductive results, some highly interesting dystopian novels were written.