ABSTRACT
“The common Yunnanese proverb qiong zou yifang ji zou chang 窮走夷方急走厰 best describes the situation: when one needed money, one joined the caravan trade and went to areas occupied by “barbarians” (other ethnic groups), or alternatively tried one’s luck in jade or other mineral mines in Burma. Those who were hesitant to take up such ventures were considered timid and often teased by fellow Yunnanese”
