Organic–inorganic heterojunction nanowires combining the advantages of organic materials such as low cost, high flexibility, easy large-scale processing and inorganic materials with stable properties, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature resistance have more excellent optical and electrical properties. Advances in structure regulation, process optimization, and mechanism research for organic–inorganic heterojunction nanowires have effectively promoted the development of nanomaterials and satisfied the increasing demand of high-performance optical and electrical materials. In this chapter, the recent research progress of organic–inorganic heterojunction nanowires, including their design and synthesis, performance testing, device assembly, and structure–activity relationship, is comprehensively reviewed. A brief prospect of the key problems to be solved as well as the potential research directions is also proposed, which may shed a light on the future development of organic–inorganic heterojunction nanowires.