ABSTRACT
When first collected, “raw” data by themselves make little or no sense. Raw data are simply a loose collection of numbers; they have no inherent meaning of their own. Data must be put into some kind of order or structure; they must be grouped together into logical sets. Numbers do not speak for themselves; they acquire meaning only when they are organized in terms of some mutually understood framework (Wasson 1965). Researchers often use tables, charts, and graphs to do this.
