ABSTRACT
The field of international ethics (IE) has long involved a philosophical dimension. This has certainly been most apparent in the ways in which IE addresses ethical concerns, such as harm to the innocent, or meta-questions, such as the realist argument that ethics have no role in international politics. Feminist approaches regarding international relations come into play on many levels. There are feminist explorations of the gender dynamic in warfare, and in the ways that security and warfare are understood. The ethical legitimacy of using nuclear weapons was often challenged on the grounds that the damage would be so great as to outweigh any possible good achieved from military victory. Immanuel Kant's cosmopolitanism is also grounded in his claim that there is a duty of "universal hospitality"—not as an unlimited obligation to take in all strangers under all conditions, nor as a right of strangers to remain permanently.
