The diagnostic criteria of dyslipoproteinemias have been redefined repeatedly during the last few years. They have become independent of merely recognizing elevated serum cholesterol values or lipoprotein fractions of elevated Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) and reduced levels of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) in particular. Exercising skeletal muscle plays a central role in the control of these mechanisms. The increase in aerobic energy metabolism and oxygen quantity required during augmented physical activity is the basic control parameter for the adaptation processes during regular physical exercise training. In addition to HDL metabolism, the exercise-induced change in lipoprotein enzyme activities also appears to influence the composition and distribution of HDL and LDL subfraction particles. Weight loss and weight differences as well as differences in nutrition of physically active and inactive people are frequently cited as reasons for differences in serum triglyceride and HDL levels and explained by an elevation of VLDL synthesis in overweight patients.