ABSTRACT
One of the most important systems developed to protect the health of people and to provide people with a better way of life has been the system of plumbing, which is the piping of potable water to its ultimate use and the draining away of waste materials to a variety of treatment processes. It is essential in our modern society to recognize that plumbing is to society what the circulatory system is to people. It is a system that must function efficiently to avoid epidemics and to avoid chemical pollution. Good health practices require that plumbing in a community be free of cross connections, backflow connections, submerged inlets, and poor venting. It also must transport a good quality of potable water in adequate quantities to service our modern society. One of the great difficulties that we face as a society is that older existing plumbing may deteriorate and may create health hazards; also, repairs of plumbing may be carried out in such a way that they can create health hazards.
