ABSTRACT
There are at least two ways to think about the value of anything, including privacy. The first is to treat it as instru - mental to some thing else, which one knows or assumes is valuable; and the second is to treat it as intrinsically valuable, or valuable for what it is, rather than what it does. Conversely, we can think that something is bad because its consequences are bad in some way, or because we think it is bad even if, as sometimes happens, it is a bad thing which occasionally yields good consequences. We may feel that way about lying or cheating. On the other hand, we might believe that a charitable disposition is intrinsically good or praiseworthy even though its consequences are not always beneficial.
