Black's Law Dictionary lists the following definition of what a profession is. "The term originally contemplated only theology, law and medicine, but as applications of science and learning are extended to other departments of affairs, other professions also receive the name, which implies professed attainments in special knowledge as distinguished from mere skill." With the establishment of associational rules of conduct for all of its members, an even tighter identification can be made between the individual and group status. Some have contended that the apparent authority theory is not a theory of agency at all since it does not postulate the necessary conditions for the establishment of a real relation between principal and agent. It might be admitted that professionals, through their associations, should have special responsibilities and obligations, but that it would be unfair to hold professional associations responsible for most harmful actions of their members.