ABSTRACT
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of spatially distributed low-power sensor nodes along with the base station for monitoring physical or environmental factors. In clustered WSNs, the Cluster Head (CH) is regarded as a gateway. The gateways perform multiple tasks, such as data collection, aggregation and transmission, etc. The gathered data is transmitted from the gateways to the base station using routing information. Therefore, the routing path is a critical challenge in the design of WSNs as these gateways are limited by resources, processing power, and memory. Also, heavily loaded gateways die in the early stages and cause changes in the network topology. It is essential to preserve the power of the gateways to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. To address this problem, in this chapter, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based routing is proposed. Also, a novel fitness feature is designed to take into account the number of relay nodes, the distance between the gateway to the base station and the relay load factor of the network. The proposed algorithm is tested in two dierent scenarios. Experimental results show that the proposed PSO-based routing algorithm has improved WSN's lifespan relative to other bio-inspired approaches.
