ABSTRACT
In our fast-paced, 21st-century world, we are often challenged with having to predict how our actions (or inactions) will affect events (e.g., the outputs) in the complex systems (CSs) with which we live and interact. In particular, this includes our present and future actions intended to mitigate the adverse effects on human ecological sustainability caused by past human actions and inactions. In order not to be surprised by unexpected results, we need a systematic, comprehensive means of analyzing, modeling, and simulating CSs in order to predict nonanticipated outcomes. Sadly, comprehensive models of CSs are generally unattainable. They can be approximated, however, using well-formulated complicated models.
