ABSTRACT
The integration of new disciplines is a characteristic of university dynamics: a constant grouping and regrouping of disciplines and specialisms and the creation of new disciplines. In general, the acceptance of new disciplines is within the power of faculties, owing to their role of assessing the academic quality of the newcomers. The role of faculties can be traced back to the medieval origin of universities. From the start, universities were exercising a monopoly, given by the pope or by the emperor, of training for the professions of law, medicine, and theology. Ministers adopted the Dublin Descriptors at the Bologna Bergen Conference 2005. They describe learning outcomes in three cycles: bachelor, master and doctorate level. The Dublin Descriptors have been widely disputed. Formal comments are scarce at the international level, since there was no hearing procedure before the adoption of the descriptors. The Dublin Descriptors were to cover both the PhD and the professional doctorates.
