ABSTRACT
This chapter deals with the last model of transition from democratic rule, the "incumbent entrenchment" model, which combines the presence of an incumbent with democratic normative preferences with the involvement of the armed forces in the process of transition from democratic rule. The economic policies adopted by the governments since the early 1990s, combined with the stability of the democratic regime, nevertheless allowed Mali to embark on the road of economic development. The gradual deterioration of the economic situation during the 1970s and hence the increase in social inequalities further sparked the protests against the economic policies of the government, and was among the causes of the explosion of the political violence in Turkey. Mali in the 2010s and Turkey in the 1980s, despite their differences in terms of culture, political system, institutional setting, economic development, and regional environment, showed common features and reveal the causal mechanisms of the "stabilizing coup" model.
