ABSTRACT
The notable exception was the presence of a self-accountability mechanism, which was found to improve compliance. Victoria V. Panova described the 2008–2009 United States-turned-global financial crisis as a diversionary shock that began the fifth phase of Group of Seven/Eight (G7/8) energy governance, as it pushed energy to a secondary position on its agenda. Overall, more companion commitments led to higher compliance, although there was some variation between the G7/8 and the Group of Twenty (G20). On climate change, John J. Kirton, Ella Kokotsis and Aurora Hudson found that ministerial reinforcement through pre-summit ministerials had a significant positive impact on G7/8 compliance. The gender commitments with the highest average compliance scores received less attention at the foreign ministers meetings, while the commitments with the lowest average compliance score received more attention. For the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the impact on compliance of references to internal bodies was less salient, as these references seemed to be made merely in a show of solidarity.
