ABSTRACT
As the demand for electricity grows in all regions of the world, there is greater need to develop better ways of operating existing Transmission and Distribution (T&D) networks for more efficient utilization of existing facilities. Historically, when demand increased, electric utilities added new T&D capacity by the construction of new lines and substations. Due to public concern about protecting the environment, and to population growth, public authorities are paying greater attention to properly locating electric power facilities and proper land use. As a result, there is greater R&D effort by power companies and concerned government agencies to minimize environmental impact, increase energy efficiency, and improve land use.
