ABSTRACT
Solid surfaces exhibit some specific characteristics that are much different to liquid surfaces. In most processes where solids are involved, the primary step is dependent on the surface property of the solid. All solid surfaces exhibit specific adsorption and desorption characteristics from their surroundings. Experiments show that the solid surface is the most important characteristic. The differences between perfect surfaces and surfaces with defects are very obvious in many everyday observations. The degree of wetting when a liquid comes in contact with a solid surface is the most common phenomenon in everyday life. Experiments show that when a liquid drop is placed on a solid surface, the contact angle, θ, indicates that the molecules interact across the interface. This indicates that these data can be used to estimate the surface tension of solids. The fracking process is related to the surface tension of shale and the surface tension of the fracking aqueous solution.
