Surgical management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: Available procedures and clinical data

Obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, is associated with hyperinsulinemia, often leading to the development of insulin resistance and subsequently type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin resistance and adipocyte cytokines may also lead to hypertension, dyslipidemia, vascular inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which promote the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [1]. The constellation of metabolic risk factors for both T2DM and cardiovascular disease is considered to define metabolic syndrome (MBS) [2].