ABSTRACT
Neurogenic bladder can be a result of peripheral neuropathy due to various systemic illnesses. This chapter discusses diabetes mellitus, sarcoidosis, alcoholism, and porphyria. Diabetes can be divided into type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is characterized by insulin deficiency most commonly caused by an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic Langerhans islet cells. Type 2 is characterized by a heterogenous group of genetic and environmental causes where insulin production cannot meet the body's demand. Sarcoidosis is a chronic disease that can affect almost any organ in the body. The main characteristic of sarcoidosis is noncaseating granulomas. Alcohol can affect the central nervous system in several ways. Polyneuropathy is the most common manifestation, affecting 5%–15% of alcoholics. Porphyrias consist of a group of eight metabolic hereditary disorders. They are further classified as either erythropoietic or hepatic depending on the main site of expression of the defective enzyme.
