An animated debate over the effects of economic, financial and monetary integration in the European Union (EU) has captured the interest of a large spectrum of economists, political scientists and commentators. This chapter focuses on indicators such as research and development (R&D) expenditure, patents, number of researchers, manufacturing value added, high-tech exports, productivity growth relative to the economic performance of a selected group of EU member states. It presents the “relationships between science, technologies and their industrial exploitation” as a potentially useful theoretical framework for better understanding the economic crisis in the EU. The chapter seeks to provide a preliminary investigation into the alleged heterogeneity in scientific, technological and other productive indicators of a significant group of EU countries. R&D measures were diffused as soon as data on the share of income spent on devising new production techniques, on new products and on human capital formation were available.