This chapter presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book focuses on Canada's policy on peace, security and development in Africa in relation to New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), the African Union Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Security Mechanism. It explores the variation in Canada's policy in these areas from Jean Chretien and his Liberal successor, Paul Martin, to the Conservative government of Stephen Harper. The book also explores meaning and understanding of the human security concept in Canadian foreign policy and in the policies of the AU and ECOWAS. It analyses the sources of Canadian foreign policy in Africa. The book argues that the idea of human security influenced the Canadian government's policy towards the AU and ECOWAS peace and security capacity building. It elaborates upon a non-imperial internationalist approach and explores the challenges of Canadian foreign policy in Africa.