ABSTRACT
Cities are full of clusters. Most urban economic activities take place in different types of clusters: in industrial parks, industrial districts, science and technology parks, technology districts, transport hubs, port clusters, central business districts, shopping streets, and shopping malls. The European Cluster Observatory lists various types of organisations and institutions as clusters or related to cluster development: business incubators, cluster organisations, professional organisations, regional agencies, science parks, universities, research organisations, technology brokers, and university transfer offices, as well as venture capital firms. This large collection of entities illustrates the variety of cluster forms and types and the multiple purposes for which clusters are established and what they are mandated to do. The city itself is a cluster of clusters, a system of systems. Furthermore, from a network perspective, the city is an agglomeration of polarised networks (clusters) over city-wide networks and utilities. Making clusters intelligent is a fundamental strategy for all these spaces.
