Two More Tools: Alternative Formulation, Measures of Complexity

Chapter 1 surveyed standard tools for analyzing mixed linear models. This chapter gives two more tools that later chapters will use.

2.1 Alternative Formulation: The “Constraint-Case” Formulation

Although this book emphasizes the mixed-linear-model formulation (1.1), another closely related formulation is sometimes useful. I call this alternative formulation the “constraint-case” formulation, though other names have been used. This section presents the constraint case formulation of mixed linear models and gives a brief history of its use.