ABSTRACT
At the broadest level, researchers have described three main types of strategies— cognitive, metacognitive, and epistemic strategies. Cognitive strategies are those strategies that are invoked to actually solve a problem or learn more about a topic— in other words, these strategies are the ones that actually accomplish specific tasks and goals the learner has. Lee engaged in numerous cognitive strategies while trying to solve the acid concentration problem in the vignette, including underlining and titrating. Cognitive strategies have been divided into either domain-general or domain-specific strategies. Metacognitive strategies are those that are aimed at monitoring or controlling the cognitive strategies that have been employed. Epistemic strategies are those that are aimed at reflecting on the limits, certainty, and criteria of knowing, which may influence both an individual's cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Surface-level strategies are those strategies that are aimed at trying to understand the problem or task.
