ABSTRACT
Hot tub design, operation, use, and regulation ......................................... 134 Hot tubs, biofilm, and waterborne disease ................................................ 137 Biofilm in the hot tub research literature .................................................... 140 Understanding the link between biofilm and suspended bacteria ..........141 Biofilm control and removal ......................................................................... 143 Conclusions and recommendations ............................................................ 143 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... 144 References ........................................................................................................ 144
Communal bathing has existed since ancient times in many cultures. The Romans, in particular, were known for their opulent bath houses. Throughout time, the practice of public bathing has been associated with personal hygiene, medicinal treatments, creating a relaxing environment, and a social opportunity. Public bathing and bath houses were also associated with disease and promiscuity. The English word stew, meaning “brothel,” originated from the French word for bath house.
