Neurodegenerative diseases and disorders affect over 55 million individuals in North America every year, with many of these lacking true long-term cures. The use of biomaterials to deliver cell therapies and therapeutic factors can potentially treat these disorders, but they require scaffold materials that interact desirably with local tissues, minimize inflammation and foreign body response, and support cell growth. Biomaterial scaffolds can take many formats, including particles, liposomes, and hydrogels and are often loaded with therapeutic factors that can be released at different rates and amounts, depending on the property of the material. This chapter describes ongoing efforts to combine natural/synthetic biomaterials, therapeutics, and cells for the treatment of conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and traumatic brain injuries.